Schopenhauer's Critique of Kant (World as Will Appendix)
Structured summary of Schopenhauer’s appendix to The World as Will and Representation, vol. 1—where he defends, corrects, and completes Kant’s...
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Walter Ong: Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue
Walter Ong on Petrus Ramus (1515–1572): anti-Aristotelian pedagogy, printed diagrams, the birth of “method,” and how print reshaped rhetoric,...
Augustine: De agone christiano, Chapter 1 (English)
English translation of the opening of Augustine’s De agone christiano (396)—the Christian life as spiritual combat against disordered desire and...
Jakob von Uexküll: Umwelt und Innenwelt (translation)
English translation of the introduction to Uexküll’s Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere—Umwelt theory, animal perception, and a biologist’s...
Bergson-Einstein Debate 1922: English Translation
English notes from the April 1922 Paris meeting of Henri Bergson and Albert Einstein on time, relativity, and philosophy—translated from the...
Heron of Alexandria: Catoptrica Fragment in English
Working English translation of the Greek Catoptrica fragment attributed to Heron—reflective optics, ancient proof style, and notes from Schmidt’s...
Demons: a few thoughts after four years of Dostoyevsky
Reflections after reading through the works of Dostoyevky